C0: Unconscious processing |
Invariant visual recognition |
Subliminal priming by unseen words and faces, invariant for font, size, or viewpoint. |
(5) |
Functional MRI (fMRI) and single-neuron response to unseen words and faces |
(33, 37, 78, 79) |
Unconscious judgement of chess game configurations |
(80) |
Access to meaning |
N400 response to unseen out-of-context words |
(9, 10) |
Cognitive control |
Unconscious inhibition or task set preparation by an unseen cue |
(11, 12) |
Reinforcement learning |
Subliminal instrumental conditioning by unseen shapes |
(17) |
C1: Global availability of information |
All-or-none selection and
broadcasting of a relevant content |
Conscious perception of a single picture during visual rivalry |
(29) |
Conscious perception of a single detail in a picture or stream |
(28, 81) |
All-or-none memory retrieval |
(82) |
Attentional blink: Conscious perception of item A
prevents the simultaneous perception of item B |
(27, 30, 83, 84) |
All-or-none “ignition” of event-related potentials and
fMRI signals, only on trials with conscious perception |
(33–35, 85–87) |
All-or-none firing of neurons coding for the perceived
object in prefrontal cortex and other higher areas |
(31, 32, 37, 38, 88) |
Stabilization of short-lived
information for off-line processing |
Brain states are more stable when information is consciously
perceived; unconscious information quickly decays (~1 s) |
(39, 89) |
Conscious access may occur long after the stimulus is gone |
(90) |
Flexible routing of information |
Only conscious information can be routed through a series
of successive operations (for example, successive calculations 3 × 4 + 2) |
(91) |
Sequential performance of
several tasks |
Psychological refractory period: Conscious processing
of item A delays conscious processing of item B |
(34, 92) |
Serial calculations or strategies require conscious perception |
(13, 91) |
Serial organization of spontaneous brain activity during conscious thought in the “resting state” |
(93) |
C2: Self-monitoring |
Self-confidence |
Humans accurately report subjective confidence,
a probabilistic estimate in the accuracy of a decision or computation |
(51, 55) |
Evaluation of one’s knowledge |
Humans and animals can ask for help or “opt out” when unsure |
(53, 65, 66) |
Humans and animals know when they do not know or remember |
(49, 53) |
Error detection |
Anterior cingulate response to self-detected errors |
(61, 65, 94) |
Listing one’s skills |
Children know the arithmetic procedures at their disposal, their speed, and error rate. |
(70) |
Sharing one’s confidence with others |
Decision-making improves when two persons share knowledge |
(69) |